interesante link para aprender cual es el pájaro cuyos cantos oímos.
http://www.recercaenaccio.cat/agaur_reac/AppJava/ca/interactiu/20100107-reconeix-el-cant.jsp
viernes, 29 de abril de 2011
Siemens building HVDC transmission system with record capacity of 2,000 MW
Siemens building HVDC transmission system with record capacity of 2,000 MW
29 April 2011
Siemens is building power converter stations for a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system with a record capacity of 2 x 1,000 megawatts. Beginning in 2013, the new HVDC PLUS technology will transmit 2,000 MW as direct current over a distance of 65 kilometers underground.
This system, which is being partially funded by the EU, connects the French and Spanish grids between Baixas and Santa Llogaia. At present the two countries’ grids are linked only by low-capacity lines.
Power grids will have to be substantially upgraded throughout Europe before more renewable energy can be used, Siemens says. The Desertec power generation project (earlier post) for the climate-friendly production of electricity in the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East, in particular, will require high-performance electricity highways.
Alternating current is commonly used for overhead lines, but it isn’t suitable for transmitting high capacities over long distances underwater or underground. In non-overhead systems, losses would be very high due to the charging and discharging of the cable capacities. In an HVDC system, on the other hand, transmission losses are 30 to 40% lower than in a comparable three-phase alternating current transmission line.
By 2013, developers at Siemens Energy will have constructed a system that can transmit 1,000 MW through each of two cables. The power will be transmitted at the highest voltage possible for today’s cables: +/-320 kilovolts. The new HVDC PLUS power converter stations use VSC-MMC (voltage-sourced-converter in modular multilevel-converter configuration) technology, which is not only more flexible and robust than today’s systems, but also less prone to faults.
At the heart of the new system is a converter that uses insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), which are semiconductor devices that convert alternating current into direct current and vice-versa. The system is very flexible since IGBTs can be switched at any time, no matter how high the voltage. A reactive power exchange is possible between each power converter and the three-phase alternating current network, which helps to stabilize overloaded grids.
In addition, MMC technology causes few high-frequency faults, which diminish voltage quality, so there is no need for high frequency filters. The system also has a black start capability, which means the grid doesn’t require external assistance to gradually restart after a blackout. Another advantage of the system is that the energy converters don’t have to change their polarity if the direction of the transmission is reversed, thus reducing wear and tear.
A 1,000-MW HVDC cable was recently put into operation along a 260-kilometer underwater line between the Netherlands and the UK. The first HVDC system in VSC-MMC technology also recently commenced commercial operation: the HVDC Plus installation with the project name Transbay, likewise erected by Siemens Energy, transmits 400 MW of electrical output at a transmission voltage of ±200 kV with low losses and high energy efficiency via an 88-kilometer marine cable link from Pittsburg, California, to San Francisco.
HVDC systems are part of Siemens’ environmental portfolio, with which the company generated about €28 billion (US$41.6 billion) in sales in 2010.
29 April 2011
Siemens is building power converter stations for a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system with a record capacity of 2 x 1,000 megawatts. Beginning in 2013, the new HVDC PLUS technology will transmit 2,000 MW as direct current over a distance of 65 kilometers underground.
This system, which is being partially funded by the EU, connects the French and Spanish grids between Baixas and Santa Llogaia. At present the two countries’ grids are linked only by low-capacity lines.
Power grids will have to be substantially upgraded throughout Europe before more renewable energy can be used, Siemens says. The Desertec power generation project (earlier post) for the climate-friendly production of electricity in the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East, in particular, will require high-performance electricity highways.
Alternating current is commonly used for overhead lines, but it isn’t suitable for transmitting high capacities over long distances underwater or underground. In non-overhead systems, losses would be very high due to the charging and discharging of the cable capacities. In an HVDC system, on the other hand, transmission losses are 30 to 40% lower than in a comparable three-phase alternating current transmission line.
By 2013, developers at Siemens Energy will have constructed a system that can transmit 1,000 MW through each of two cables. The power will be transmitted at the highest voltage possible for today’s cables: +/-320 kilovolts. The new HVDC PLUS power converter stations use VSC-MMC (voltage-sourced-converter in modular multilevel-converter configuration) technology, which is not only more flexible and robust than today’s systems, but also less prone to faults.
At the heart of the new system is a converter that uses insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), which are semiconductor devices that convert alternating current into direct current and vice-versa. The system is very flexible since IGBTs can be switched at any time, no matter how high the voltage. A reactive power exchange is possible between each power converter and the three-phase alternating current network, which helps to stabilize overloaded grids.
In addition, MMC technology causes few high-frequency faults, which diminish voltage quality, so there is no need for high frequency filters. The system also has a black start capability, which means the grid doesn’t require external assistance to gradually restart after a blackout. Another advantage of the system is that the energy converters don’t have to change their polarity if the direction of the transmission is reversed, thus reducing wear and tear.
A 1,000-MW HVDC cable was recently put into operation along a 260-kilometer underwater line between the Netherlands and the UK. The first HVDC system in VSC-MMC technology also recently commenced commercial operation: the HVDC Plus installation with the project name Transbay, likewise erected by Siemens Energy, transmits 400 MW of electrical output at a transmission voltage of ±200 kV with low losses and high energy efficiency via an 88-kilometer marine cable link from Pittsburg, California, to San Francisco.
HVDC systems are part of Siemens’ environmental portfolio, with which the company generated about €28 billion (US$41.6 billion) in sales in 2010.
viernes, 22 de abril de 2011
generar frío a partir del calor - nanomateriales
Hasta hoy día la generación de frío a nivel doméstico e industrial mayoritariamente pasa por el uso de refrigerantes (R134 u otros) que absorven calor en su proceso de evaporación. Antes han sido comprimidos mediante sistemas mecánicos.
El proceso de generación de frío a través de otros mecanismos se está investigando en el MIT.
La clave es el proceso de adsorción en cierto material del vapor refrigerante (por ejemplo Silica de Gel adsorve el vapor de agua en cierta cámara). Con el estudio sistemático de materiales a nivel nanoscópico, los procesos de adsorción de los materiales pueden revisarse para así encontrar aquellos que permiten la adsorción a cierta temperatura y la liberación del fluido refrigerante cuando esta aumenta. Al liberarse el fluido, aumenta la presión vapor en la cámara hasta su saturación y posterior condensación.
de la WEB
The key is improving the solid adsorbent material. In an adsorption chiller, evaporated refrigerant is adsorbed—it adheres to a surface of a solid, such as silica gel. The silica gel can hold a large amount of water in a small space—it essentially acts as a sponge for the water vapor. When the gel it heated, it releases the water molecules into a chamber. As the concentration of water vapor in the chamber increases, the pressure rises until the water condenses.
McGrail is replacing silica gel with an engineered material made by creating nanoscopic structures that self-assemble into complex three-dimensional shapes. The material is more porous than silica gel, giving it a larger surface area for water molecules to cling to. As a result, it can trap three to four times more water, by weight, than silica gel, which helps reduce the size of the chiller.
El proceso de generación de frío a través de otros mecanismos se está investigando en el MIT.
La clave es el proceso de adsorción en cierto material del vapor refrigerante (por ejemplo Silica de Gel adsorve el vapor de agua en cierta cámara). Con el estudio sistemático de materiales a nivel nanoscópico, los procesos de adsorción de los materiales pueden revisarse para así encontrar aquellos que permiten la adsorción a cierta temperatura y la liberación del fluido refrigerante cuando esta aumenta. Al liberarse el fluido, aumenta la presión vapor en la cámara hasta su saturación y posterior condensación.
de la WEB
The key is improving the solid adsorbent material. In an adsorption chiller, evaporated refrigerant is adsorbed—it adheres to a surface of a solid, such as silica gel. The silica gel can hold a large amount of water in a small space—it essentially acts as a sponge for the water vapor. When the gel it heated, it releases the water molecules into a chamber. As the concentration of water vapor in the chamber increases, the pressure rises until the water condenses.
McGrail is replacing silica gel with an engineered material made by creating nanoscopic structures that self-assemble into complex three-dimensional shapes. The material is more porous than silica gel, giving it a larger surface area for water molecules to cling to. As a result, it can trap three to four times more water, by weight, than silica gel, which helps reduce the size of the chiller.
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